# Irreducibility of an Affine Variety and its Projective Closure

Volume I of Shaferevich's Basic Algebraic Geometry has the following as an exercise:

Show that the affine variety $U$ is irreducible if and only if its closure $\bar U$ in a projective space is irreducible.

Unfortunately, he doesn't explicitly give a definition of irreducibility for quasiprojective varieties. Based on the definition for (closed) sets in affine space, I assumed that a quasiprojective variety $X$ is reducible if there are closed sets $Z_1, Z_2$ such that neither contains $X$ and such that $$\left ( Z_1 \cap X \right ) \cup \left ( Z_2 \cap X \right ) = X$$ (i.e. $X$ can be written as a nontrivial union of sets that are closed with respect to $X$).

I found a pretty easy proof that $U$ is reducible iff $\bar U$ is, which gives the proposition. However, I'm suspicious because it doesn't rely at all on the fact that $U$ is an affine variety, or even a quasiprojective variety at all (in the sense that if you defined irreducibility for arbitrary subsets of projective space, it would still work).

One reason for this could be that a quasiprojective variety is irreducible iff its projective closure is, and the point of the exercise is to notice this, and that the definitions of irreducibility for affine varieties and for affine closed sets agree. The other could be that my solution doesn't work, or that I have the wrong definition. I'm asking which is the case.

My proof is as follows: First assume that $U$ is reducible. The we have closed sets $Z_1$, $Z_2$, neither of which contain $U$, such that $\left ( Z_1 \cap U \right ) \cup \left (Z_2 \cap U \right ) = U$. As $Z_1 \cup Z_2 \supseteq U$ is closed, we have $Z_1 \cup Z_2 \supseteq \bar U$. But then neither of the $Z_i$ contain $\bar U$, since $\bar U \supseteq U$, and since $Z_1 \cup Z_2$ is a closed set containing $U$, $Z_1 \cup Z_2$ contains $\bar U$ and $\left ( Z_1 \cap \bar U \right ) \cup \left ( Z_2 \cap \bar U \right ) = \bar U$ so that $\bar U$ is reducible. The proof for the other direction is almost identical.

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In your proof, should that be $Z_1\cup Z_2\supseteq U$? – Andrew Aug 19 '12 at 7:19
@Andrew Yes, it should. Thanks. – Calvin McPhail-Snyder Aug 19 '12 at 7:28
Added the tag "general-topology".. – Joachim Aug 19 '12 at 7:28

Indeed, the proof doesn't need the variety structure. All we need is that the affine variety is a nonempty open subset of its projective closure. The definition of irreducible is in fact purely topological: if some space $X$ is the union of two closed sets, one of them has to be the whole space. Note that whether you see an affine variety as affine or open in its projective closure does not change the topology.

We have the following:

• Any nonempty open subset of an irreducible space is itself irreducible and dense
• If $Y \subset X$ is irreducible in the subspace topology, the closure of $Y$ in $X$ is again irreducible

Which you should be able to prove.

See Hartshorne 1.1.3 and 1.1.4.

Hope that this helps.

Edit: By the way, do you know the equivalent definitions of irreducible? The following are equivalent:

• $X$ is irreducible
• Any nonempty open in $X$ is dense
• Any two nonempty opens in $X$ have nonempty intersection

Proving the equivalence is not hard and a good exercise.

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You're right that irreducibility does not depend on whether your variety is affine or not. It only depends on the topology. For example, in the Zariski topology $\mathbb R$ is irreducible. But with the usual topology it is not: consider the proper closed subsets $(-\infty,1]\cup[0,\infty)$.

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