# Balanced tree number of nodes

This should be a simple one but maybe I'm dumb or maybe I'm just tired, but how to prove that

$$n = 1 + 2^1 + 2^2 + \cdots + 2^h$$

is equal to

$$n = 2^{h+1} - 1$$

?

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Find $2n - n$. Solve for $n$. –  ladaghini Aug 10 '12 at 13:06
multiply the first expression by $(2 - 1)$ and expand. A bunch of stuff cancels and gives you the second expression. –  user29743 Aug 10 '12 at 13:19
Possibly useful: About balanced and complete binary tree –  MJD Aug 10 '12 at 13:59
You can try induction. –  ᴊ ᴀ s ᴏ ɴ Aug 10 '12 at 14:12

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Thank you, I didn't think of the geometric series! –  John Smith Aug 10 '12 at 13:15

It’s a straightforward geometric series, as noted by rbm, but there are other ways to see it.

(1) Write it in binary: $2^n$ in binary is a $1$ followed by $n$ zeroes. Thus, in binary you’re adding $$1+10+100+\ldots+1\underbrace{0\dots0}_h=\underbrace{1\dots1}_{h+1}\;.$$ But clearly $\underbrace{1\dots1}_{h+1}+1=1\underbrace{0\dots0}_{h+1}$, which is the binary representation of $2^{h+1}$. Thus, $$1+2^1+2^2+\ldots+2^h=2^{h+1}-1\;.$$

(2) Prove it by induction on $h$. It’s certainly true for $h=0$: $1=2^1-1$. Suppose that for some $h\ge 0$ we have $$1+2^1+2^2+\ldots+2^h=2^{h+1}-1\;.$$ Then

\begin{align*} 1+2^1+2^2+\ldots+2^h+2^{h+1}&=\left(1+2^1+2^2+\ldots+2^h\right)+2^{h+1}\\\\ &=\left(2^{h+1}-1\right)+2^{h+1}\\\\ &=2\cdot2^{h+1}-1\\\\ &=2^{(h+1)+1}-1\;, \end{align*}

as desired.

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