# Product of spheres embeds in Euclidean space of 1 dimension higher

This problem was given to me by a friend:

Prove that $\Pi_{i=1}^m \mathbb{S}^{n_i}$ can be smoothly embedded in a Euclidean space of dimension $1+\sum_{i=1}^m n_i$.

The solution is apparently fairly simple, but I am having trouble getting a start on this problem. Any help?

-
Induction maybe? –  tomasz Jun 21 '12 at 17:54
I don't know but I would try suitable generalized spherical coordinates. Much the same way we do the well known embedding of the common torus $\mathbb{S}^1\times \mathbb{S}^1$ as a surface in $\mathbb{R}^3$. –  Jyrki Lahtonen Jun 21 '12 at 17:56

The proof is carried out by induction on $m.$

$m=1$ is trivial by choosing coordinates $(x^{(1)}_0,x^{(1)}_1,...,x^{(1)}_{n_1})$ where $\sum_{j=0}^{n_1} (x_j^{(1)})^2=1$, so let $m=2,$ then similarly $S^{n_1} \times S^{n_2}$ is embedded in $\mathbb{R}^{n_1+n_2+2}$ which also lies in the hypersurface $H$ with equation $\sum_{j=0}^{n_1} (x_j^{(1)})^2+\sum_{j=0}^{n_2} (x_j^{(2)})^2=2.$ In fact, $H$ is diffeomorphic to $S^{n_1+n_2+1}.$ Now, the embedding is missing at least a point, for example $p=(0,...,0,1,1) \in H,$ so by stereographic projection $S^{n_1+n_2+1} \setminus \{p\}$ is diffeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^{n_1+n_2+1}.$

Suppose that the assertion holds for $<m,$ then $(S^{n_1}\times...\times S^{n_{m-1}}) \times S^{n_m}$ is embedded diffeomorphically in $\mathbb{R}^{n_1+...+n_{m-1}+1} \times \mathbb{R}^{n_m+1}\cong \mathbb{R}^{n_1+...+n_{m}+2}$ hence following the same argument you can reduce the dimension by $1,$ so the result.

-
Would you mind explaining the 'hence following the same argument'? Suppose you know that $S^{n_1}\times S^{n_2}$ embeds into $\mathbb{R}^{n_1+n_2+1}$, then I can see that $(S^{n_1}\times S^{n_2})\times S^{n_3}$ embeds into $\mathbb{R}^{n_1+n_2+n_3+2}$, but how do you reduce the dimension? You need an analogue for $H$, but the embedding $S^{n_1}\times S^{n_2}\hookrightarrow\mathbb{R}^{n_1+n_2+1}$ does not lie in some scaled version of $S^{n_1+n_2+1}$, right? So what do you take for $H$? –  Daan Michiels Dec 15 '12 at 18:26
I did not see how you can use this argument inductively. It works only on the first step it seems. –  Marra Sep 11 '13 at 19:40
Dear Daan and Gustavo, seems there's no way to use the induction! urgh... –  Ehsan M. Kermani Sep 12 '13 at 19:43
• Note first that $\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{S}^n$ smoothly embeds in $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ for each $n$, via $(t,\textbf{p})\mapsto e^t\textbf{p}$.
• Taking the Cartesian product with $\mathbb{R}^{m-1}$, we find that $\mathbb{R}^m\times\mathbb{S}^n$ smoothly embeds in $\mathbb{R}^{m}\times\mathbb{R}^n$ for each $m$ and $n$.
• By induction, it follows that $\mathbb{R}\times\prod_{i=1}^m \mathbb{S}^{n_i}$ smoothly embeds in a Euclidean space of dimension $1+\sum_{i=1}^m n_i$.

The desired statement follows.

-
Very nice!! (and other characters) –  Jason DeVito Feb 19 '13 at 19:37