# a big number that is obviously prime?

I once heard it asserted that $91$ is the smallest composite number that is not obviously composite. The reasoning was that any composite number divisible by $2$, $3$, or $5$ is obviously composite, and the only composite numbers less than $91$ that are not divisible by $2$, $3$, or $5$ are $49$ and $77$, and it's obvious that those are obviously composite.

I'm going to go out on a limb and wildly guess that $577$ might be the largest prime number that is as obviously prime, or at least as quickly and easily seen to be prime as it is.

It's obviously not divisible by $2$, $3$, or $5$, and $7$ and $11$ are instantly rejected since subtraction of $77$ from this number leaves $500$, and $13$ is rejected since this number plus $13$ is $590$ so we've reduced it to thinking about the two-digit number $59$, and likewise subtracting $17$ from this number leaves $560$, and $56$ is not divisible by $17$, and subtracting $7$ leaves $570$ and $57$ is divisible by $19$, so we reject $19$. Finally, adding $23$ gives $600$, so we reject that, and there's no occasion to go higher than $23=\lfloor\sqrt{577}\rfloor$.

So staring at it for ten seconds gives you the answer without writing anything or doing any divisions or looking at factorizations of nearby numbers that don't reduce instantly to two-digit problems. It's not unusual to reject a bunch of primes by doing this, but rejecting all of them by instantaneous reduction to one- or two-digit problems I don't recall seeing before.

Are there any bigger primes than $577$ where this is so quick and simple?

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When I read the title first thing that came to my mind was primality certificate. It would be more obvious to me if the number was given with a certificate. Anyway, great question ;-) –  dtldarek May 23 '12 at 21:48

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I don't consider this humour, I consider this a very lame attempt at humour. If you want to get an upvote from me you'll have to do better than that. –  Matt N. May 24 '12 at 15:08
It answers the question, since its not very clear what is a 'big number' –  user1708 May 24 '12 at 15:15
All threes are equal, but some are more equal than others. –  Gerry Myerson May 25 '12 at 1:35
This is a big numeral, not a big number. :p –  Hurkyl Dec 1 '12 at 19:08
@Hurkyl, this is from a book called The Phantom Tollbooth, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phantom_Tollbooth . In the Numbers Mine, Milo asks for the biggest number and is shown a huge 3. See books.google.com/… –  Will Jagy Dec 1 '12 at 19:31

We have that $677$ is obviously not divisible by $2, 3$, or $5$. Subtracting $77$ leaves $600$ which is not divisible by $7$ or $11$. Adding $13$ to it leaves $690$ which also reduces it to thinking about the two digit number $69$. Likewise subtracting $17$ from this number leaves $660$, and $66$ is not divisible by $17$, and subtracting $57$ leaves $620$ and $62$ is not divisible by $19$, so we reject $19$. Finally, adding $23$ gives $700$, so we reject that, and there's no occasion to go higher than $23$ since we have that $\lfloor\sqrt{677}\rfloor$ = 26 so we need only check up to 23.

As a bonus let's try $977$ which is prime. We have that $977$ is obviously not divisible by $2, 3$, or $5$. Subtracting $77$ leaves $900$ which is not divisible by $7$ or $11$, which also reduces it to thinking about the two digit number $90$ which is neither divisible by $7$ or $11$. Adding $13$ to it leaves $990$ which also reduces it to thinking about the two digit number $99$. Likewise subtracting $17$ from this number leaves $960$, and $96$ is not divisible by $17$, and subtracting $57$ leaves $920$ and $92$ is not divisible by $19$, so we reject $19$. Adding $23$ gives $1000$, so we reject that. Subtracting $87$ leaves $890$ and $89$ is not divisible by $29$, so we reject $29$. Finally, adding $93$ to $977$ gives us $1070$ and $107$ is not divisible by $31$ so we reject $31$ as well. Since we have that $\lfloor\sqrt{977}\rfloor = 31$, we need only check up to $31$ so we are done.

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Maybe this is a part of a general pattern, and maybe one of many such patterns. I hadn't noticed one so simple before. –  Michael Hardy May 23 '12 at 17:31
I suspect it is. I'm just going to conjecture that this will work for all primes 77 mod 100. I'll think about it more when I'm less busy. –  Eugene May 23 '12 at 17:36
Are you suggesting that $100000000000003177$ is obviously prime? –  Robert Israel May 23 '12 at 17:46
Fair enough. If it gets too large I suppose it is a problem. –  Eugene May 23 '12 at 17:52
My conjecture was for primes 77 mod 100 though rather than an if and only if statement i.e. if n is a prime 77 mod 100 that is not too big, then we can perform a procedure similar to the ones above. –  Eugene May 24 '12 at 5:53

This quicker primality test can be done for numbers in any arithmetic progression. For example, rather than $577$ let's consider more generally numbers of the form $\rm\:m = 10\:\!n \!-\! 3.\:$ Because we are considering only $1/10$ of the integers, we can effectively reduce an Eratosthenes sieve primality test on $\rm\:m\:$ to a sieve on an integer roughly $1/10\,$'th the size of $\rm\:m,\:$ namely $\rm\:n.\:$ Indeed, we have

Theorem $\$ If the positive integer $\rm\ m\: =\: 10\:\!n\!-\!3 < 841 = 29^2\:$ then

$$\rm 10\:\!n\!-\!3\ \ is\ prime\iff 3\nmid n,\ \: 7\nmid n\!-\!1,\ \: 11\nmid n\!+\!3,\:\ 13\nmid n\!+\!1,\:\ 17\nmid n\!-\!2,\:\ 19\nmid n\!-\!6,\:\ 23\nmid n\!+\!2$$

Proof $\$ Since $\rm\:m < 29^2,\:$ if it is composite it must be divisible by a prime $\rm\:p < 29,\:$ hence $\rm\:p \le 23.\:$ Consider, e.g. $\rm\:p = 13\:|\:10\:\!n\!-\!3\iff 13\:|\:10\:\!n\!-\!3\!+\!13 = 10(n\!+\!1)\iff 13\:|\:n\!+\!1,\:$ etc. $\ \$ QED

Your example $\rm\:577 = 10\cdot 58 - 3\:$ so the above primality test amounts to checking if any of the above $7$ primes divide $\rm\: 58\pm k,\:$ for $\rm\:k\le 6,\:$ which can be done very quickly mentally, as you did.

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There is a very nice paper about this, Guy, Lacampagne, and Selfridge, Primes at a glance, Mathematics of Computation Vol. 48, No. 177, Jan., 1987, pages 183 to 202. I think that back issues of this journal are freely available at the American Mathematical Society website.

There is a follow-up paper by Agoh, Erdos, and Granville, Primes at a (somewhat lengthy) glance, The American Mathematical Monthly Vol. 104, No. 10, Dec., 1997, pages 943 to 945, but I'm pretty sure that one's behind a paywall if you don't connect from a subscriber.

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can't resist following the pattern: 877. Additionally, need to test for 29 (but trivial)

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$29 \mid 87$, so that reduces to two digits. –  Michael Hardy May 23 '12 at 20:47
or subtracting 87 from 877 you'll get 790 which is not divisible by 29. –  Keivan May 23 '12 at 23:59