# Motivating Cohomology

Question: Are there intuitive ways to introduce cohomology? Pretend you're talking to a high school student; how could we use pictures and easy (even trivial!) examples to illustrate cohomology?

Why do I care: For a number of math kids I know, doing algebraic topology is fine until we get to homology, and then it begins to get a bit hazy: why does all this quotienting out work, why do we make spaces up from other spaces, how do we define attaching maps, etc, etc. I try to help my peers do basic homological calculations through a sequence of easy examples (much like the ones Hatcher begins with: taking a circle and showing how "filling it in" with a disk will make the "hole" disappear --- ) and then begin talking about what kinds of axioms would be nice to have in a theory like this. I have attempted to begin studying co-homology through "From Calculus to Cohomology" and Hatcher's text, but I cannot see the "picture" or imagine easy examples of cohomology to start with.

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Bott and Tu's Differential Forms in Algebraic Topology provides a great introduction to de Rham cohomology, which I've always found intuitive and concrete. – Zach Conn Dec 11 '10 at 10:27
By the way, are you looking for motivations of cohomology specifically or just the entire gamut of homology, cohomology theories? Your title suggests the former, but in your question you mention "topology is fine until we get to homology," which seems to suggest the latter. – Zach Conn Dec 11 '10 at 14:02
Is gowers.wordpress.com/2009/05/07/… helpful? I generally think well of Gowers' exposition, but I find it hard to get back in the mind set of finding cohomology confusing, so I can't evaluate this. – David Speyer Dec 11 '10 at 14:45
If you want formal motivation for studying singular/simplicial cohomology of arbitrary spaces, I think historically one of the first motivations was the Borel/Serre theorem, that there is a natural isomorphism between $H^j(X,\mathbb Z)$ and $[X,K(Z,j)]$ where the square brackets indicate homotopy classes of maps and $K(Z,j)$ is a space where $\pi_i K(Z,j)$ is infinite cyclic for $i=j$ and trivial otherwise. This could also be seen as the birth of obstruction theory, which is one of the other main motivations for cohomology. Neither of these things are easy to explain to high-school students. – Ryan Budney Dec 11 '10 at 15:27
I'll just comment since I'm only linking, but this is a pretty awesome article at the nLab on motivating concepts related to cohomology. ncatlab.org/nlab/show/… – Matt Jan 21 '11 at 17:48

If one operates on an open subset $U$ of Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^n$, then de Rham cohomology falls out of trying to solve some differential equations.

The starting observation is that a locally constant smooth function will be constant on connected components, so the dimension of the vector space of locally constant smooth functions is the number of connected components. This space is the 0th de Rham cohomology group.

The next step, as is the key in a lot of topology, is to start throwing paths all over the place: replace the space $U$ with the paths inside it (not required to be loops in this case). So we view a 1-form $\omega$ as a function $P_{\omega}$ on paths via the integration map which sends a path to the integral of the 1-form $\omega$ along it. And again we look for those functions $P_{\omega}$ which are locally constant, meaning they remain unchanged under small deformations of the path leaving the endpoints fixed. We know that if $\omega = df$ for $f$ a smooth function, then $P_{\omega}$ satisfies this property trivially because it sends a path to the difference of the values of $f$ evaluated at the path's endpoints. We consider two locally constant path functions $P_{\omega_1}, P_{\omega_2}$ the same if their difference is $df$ for some smooth function $f$. This space is the first de Rham cohomology group.

And so on. For the $k$th group, we consider locally constant $k$-dimensional integrals modulo trivially constant ones. The precise definition is that $H^k(U)$ is the space of closed $k$-forms modulo exact $k$-forms, where a form is closed if its exterior derivative is zero and it's exact if it's the exterior derivative of a $(k-1)$-form. For instance, the statement that on a space $U$ every closed form is exact now becomes the statement that all the higher cohomology groups are trivial.

To finally phrase this in the standard language of homological algebra, you can define de Rham cohomology as the cohomology of the chain complex $(\Omega^k(U), d)$ where $\Omega^k(U)$ is the set of $k$-forms on $U$ and $d$ is the exterior derivative.

It seems that this could be explained to anybody who has studied multivariable calculus. It has the advantage that computing some basic examples of cohomology groups requires one to think only about some calculus, nothing hard to visualize.

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Please have a look at the recently added new answer. – Jjm Jan 27 '15 at 8:10

For simplicial/cellular cohomology, one way to think of it is in terms of dual cell structures: if $a_1,a_2,\dotsc$ are your $k$-simplices or $k$-cells, then they generate the $k$th chain group, and the $k$th cochain group is generated by their duals $\alpha_1,\alpha_2,\dotsc$, where $\alpha_i(a_j)=\delta_{ij}$. You can then draw a dual cell structure which has an $n-k$-cell for every $k$-cell in your original space, with each cell representing a cochain, and with that cochain sending the chains it intersects to $1$ and the rest to $0$ (and extending linearly). So if your space is a surface, you put a vertex inside every face, draw an edge between two of those vertices if there's an edge between the corresponding faces, and add a face between a set of edges if the dual edges all intersect in a vertex.

Then the homology of the new cell structure is the cohomology of the original structure. With field coefficients on a manifold, at least. But it does allow you to visualize, for example, the coboundary map: in the case of our surface, it sends $C^1$ to $C^2$, but $C^2$ "looks 0-dimensional", and so the coboundary map "looks like a boundary map," which is something your students are hopefully familiar with.

Also, if you do it with Platonic polyhedra, you get other Platonic polyhedra. A cube becomes an octahedron, etc. Of course, they all have the same (co)homology but they have different (co)chain groups so they're nice trivial examples, and more interesting than just an arbitrary sphere.

Hatcher goes over this very briefly in the beginning of his chapter on cohomology. He also gives a thing you can do with $\mathbb{Z}$ coefficients that's similar, though in this case you can run into torsion, so I don't know if it's as good an example.

The other thing you can do is just take the no-nonsense algebraic tack. We like cohomology because sometimes we want maps going the wrong direction. For example, its ring structure is easier to work with than homology's coalgebra structure (if your kids are familiar with homology, at this point you show them the coalgebra structure induced by the diagonal map and how it's a bitch to work with). And you get so much information for free just by knowing that certain maps are ring homomorphisms rather than graded abelian group homomorphisms. I can't think of a good example off the top of my head, but I know there is one.

Oh, I was taught de Rham cohomology before I even knew what homology ways. I think it's pretty easy to understand. That's another option.

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"And you get so much information for free just by knowing that certain maps are ring homomorphisms rather than graded abelian group homomorphisms. I can't think of a good example off the top of my head, but I know there is one." One example might be that any diffeomorphism of $\mathbb{CP}^2$ preserves the orientation of that manifold. The cohomology ring is $\mathbb{Z}[u]/u^3$ and the top cohomology group is generated by $u^2$. – Zach Conn Dec 11 '10 at 15:48
Thank you, this is exactly the kind of thing that I was looking for. It's difficult to "draw pictures" of co-chains, but that back-and-forth of homology and co-homology seems like a good starting point. Hatcher also says something like, "give a functional value from an Abelian group G to the vertices and edges on a graph, then we can compute things directly," which, given a concrete group, is actually "do-able" in terms of writing out every step and possibility. – james Dec 11 '10 at 21:49
I don't think you can draw cochains this way, but if you get to Poincare duality you can certainly draw pictures... – Aaron Mazel-Gee Dec 12 '10 at 19:09
@PaulVanKoughnett Please have a look at the recently added new answer. – Jjm Jan 27 '15 at 8:10

This is meant to be a comment below Zach Conn's answer, but for some reason I don't seem to have the option of commenting.

This is really the same answer -- in short, integrals can be viewed as cohomology classes -- but just to give a very concrete example:

Consider $\int_C \frac{dz}{z}$ where $C$ is a closed curve in the complex plane that misses the origin. If you think of $C$ as variable, then the value of the integral depends only on the homology class of $C$ in the punctured plane. (If $C$ represents $n$ times the usual homology generator, then the integral is $2\pi i n$.)

In other words $\int_{\cdot} \frac{dz}{z}$ is a linear functional on the homology, which is to say a cohomology class. Which is my point: it is often the case that "cohomology" equals "functionals on homology" (though not always, e.g. in the presence of torsion). So if one understands homology, then this can be a starting point.

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Please have a look at the recently added new answer. – Jjm Jan 27 '15 at 8:11

There is a nice and, to my opinion, more natural way to motivate cohomology - a geometric one, rather than an analytical one. Please read carefully the following question and answer in math.stackexchange:

Intuitive Approach to de Rham Cohomology

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