# How to get a reflection vector?

I'm doing a raytracing exercise. I have a vector representing the normal of a surface at an intersection point, and a vector of the ray to the surface. How can I determine what the reflection will be?

In the below image, I have d and n. How can I get r?

Thanks.

-

$$r = d - 2 (d \cdot n) n$$
where $d \cdot n$ is the dot product, and $n$ must be normalized.
And if my d happens to be pointing the other direction, I need to negate it first, right? – Nick Heiner Dec 6 '10 at 18:00
@user2755 Yes, but you can test this yourself with pencil and paper using simple cases, e.g. $d = [1,-1]; n=[0,1]$ (incoming down and to the right onto a ground plane facing upwards). With this, $r = [1,-1] - 2 \times (-1) \times [0,1] = [1,-1] + 2 \times [0,1] = [1,-1] + [0,2] = [1,1]$. – Phrogz Dec 6 '10 at 18:06
Let $\hat{n} = {n \over \|n\|}$. Then $\hat{n}$ is the vector of magnitude one in the same direction as $n$. The projection of $d$ in the $n$ direction is given by $\mathrm{proj}_{n}d = (d \cdot \hat{n})\hat{n}$, and the projection of $d$ in the orthogonal direction is therefore given by $d - (d \cdot \hat{n})\hat{n}$. Note that $-r$ has the same projection onto $d$, with its orthogonal projection given by $-1$ times that of $d$. Thus we have $$d = (d \cdot \hat{n})\hat{n} + [d - (d \cdot \hat{n})\hat{n}]$$ $$-r = (d \cdot \hat{n})\hat{n} - [d - (d \cdot \hat{n})\hat{n}]$$ The later equation is exactly $$r = -(d \cdot \hat{n})\hat{n} + [d - (d \cdot \hat{n})\hat{n}]$$ Hence one can get $r$ from $d$ via $$r = d - 2(d \cdot \hat{n})\hat{n}$$ Stated in terms of $n$ itself, this becomes $$r = d - {2 d \cdot n\over \|n\|^2}n$$