Legendre Symbol, Jacobi Symbol, and Quadratic Residues..

Question

I am looking at this problem and I am confused on how one could easily compute this. Is it just the intersection of either non-quadratic residue or quadratic residues of the respective p and q?

Answer 1

Firstly the case $i=j=1$ is simple since the number $1$ will do this.

Secondly when $i = -1$ and $j=1$ we can use the number $-1$ since this is a QR mod $p'$ (prime) if and only if $p'\equiv 1$ mod $4$.

Thirdly when $i=j=-1$ we can use the number $2$ since this is a QR mod $p'$ if and only if $p\equiv 1,7$ mod $8$.

For the final case we may use $-2$ since we can see that the product of the $i,j$ values in the previous two cases match what we want (essentially we are using the homomorphism property of Legendre symbols here).

Answer 2

If you want to find $x$ such that it is a QR mod p and a NR mod q for example, you can just find a QR mod p (say m), find a NR mod q(say n), then use Chinese remainder theorem to solve

$$\begin{cases}x \equiv m & (\operatorname{mod} p) \\ x \equiv n & (\operatorname{mod} q) \end{cases}$$

Answer 3

The solution by user27126 is fine, but you can cut a few corners. For example, there is one kind of number $n$ that is guaranteed to be a quadratic residue mod $p$ for all $p$ not dividing $n$ - do you know what I'm referring to? Also, you should know when $-1$ is a residue, that should settle another case without any need to resort to Chinese remainders. If you know when 2 is a residue, there goes another case. And so on.