# Proving this is a subspace.

Prove that the set of polynomials is a vector space

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Are you trying to argue that $M$ is diffeomorphic to a $2$-manifold, or that $M$ is a two-dimensional submanifold of $\mathbb{R}^5$? If the former, you just need to produce charts around each $p\in M$, which should be provided by periodicity of $\phi$. If the latter, you need to produce submanifold charts about each $p\in M$. You would probably want to think about using the implicit function theorem for that. – Neal Mar 26 '12 at 2:18
Sorry, I'm not sure. Our definition is as follows: M is a k-manifold if for each $p \in M$, there exists an open set $V$ containing p and an open set $U \subset \mathbb R^k$ and a map $\phi: U \rightarrow V$ such that $\phi$ is $C^r$, $\phi$ is a continuous bijection with continuous inverse and $D\phi$ has rank k at each point in $U$ – AnalysisHelp Mar 26 '12 at 2:28
I think we're in the same class based on the questions you're asking (this one and the cartesian product one). I've been working on this assignment too and am also trying to finish up this problem. You want to get together? We could meet tomorrow evening in the classroom. – user28058 Apr 1 '12 at 2:08

Your map is periodic of period $2\pi$ in both variables, so you can factor it through the quotient $\mathbb R^2\to\mathbb R^2/\mathbb Z^2$ to obtain a map $\phi:\mathbb R^2/\mathbb Z^2\to\mathbb R^5$ with exactly the same image.

Now this map $\phi$ is an immersion (because, as you observed, the original map has differential with full rank) and it is not hard to see that it is injective. Since its domain is compact, the image is a submanifold.

(Of course, one has to check this last claim!)

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This is all true and relevant, but the OP asks to show that the map is indeed a local diffeomorphism, which is assumed in the definition of immersion. To assume the concept of immersions is to assume the answer that the OP is looking for. – Brett Frankel Mar 26 '12 at 3:18
The question is «how do I prove the image of this map is a manifold,» rather—not that the map is a local diffeo. By immersion I mean simply that the differential is injective, as usual, and this is something the OP already knows. (Notice that the image of an injective immersion from a non-compact manifold need not be a submanifold... so one has to deal with non-compactness somehow...) – Mariano Suárez-Alvarez Mar 26 '12 at 3:21
Yes, but the OP was having trouble getting from injective differential to local diffeomorphism (existence of inverse function). To be fair, I do think that the OP assumed that the local existence of an inverse function is enough to prove that the image is manifold, an issue which you certainly did address. +1 – Brett Frankel Mar 26 '12 at 3:30

What you need is the inverse function theorem: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_function_theorem

To satisfy the conditions of the theorem, you just need to check that the total derivative of your map never has rank equal to less than 2, which follows from the fact that $\det D\phi^T D\phi$ is always nonzero.

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Doesn't the inverse function theorem only apply to maps between $\mathbb R^n \rightarrow \mathbb R^n$ (between same dimensional spaces)? – AnalysisHelp Mar 26 '12 at 3:06
You can add a few extra dimensions onto your domain, for example by defining the function $\phi+x_3+x_4+x_5$ from $\mathbb{R}^5$ to $\mathbb{R}^5$. Now use the inverse function theorem to get a local diffeomorphism, and then once you have that you can restrict your attention to $\mathbb{R}^2$ and its image. – Brett Frankel Mar 26 '12 at 3:10
Sorry, but I still don't understand. Even if I somehow tack on $x_3, x_4, x_5$, I'll still have $det(D\phi) = 0$ The inverse function theorem we learned didn't go into cases where the rank was $\le n$ – AnalysisHelp Mar 26 '12 at 4:51
$\det D\phi=0$, but $\det D(\phi +x_3+x_4+x_5)\neq0$ – Brett Frankel Mar 26 '12 at 16:35
You're right, I could have said that better. My goal was to put a $3\times 3$ identity block in the bottom right of the derivative matrix. The explicit map I meant was $\phi(u,v,x_3,x_4,x_5)=\cos(u),\cos(2v),\sin(2v)+x_3,\sin(u)\cos(v)+x_4,\sin(u) \sin (v)+x_5)$ – Brett Frankel Mar 26 '12 at 18:08