# Gromov-Hausdorff distance and the “set of all sets”

If $X$ and $Y$ are compact metric spaces, then the Gromov-Hausdorff distance, $d_{GH}(X,Y)$, describes how far $X$ and $Y$ are from being isometric. In the Wikipedia article on Gromov-Hausdorff distance, it is currently written: "The Gromov–Hausdorff distance turns the set of all isometry classes of compact metric spaces into a metric space." My naive attempt to do this rigorously immediately leads to the well-known issue that the "set of all sets" is not, in fact, a set.

Googling led me to the MathOverflow question, "When is something too big to be a set?" In a comment under the accepted answer, Nate Eldredge wrote, "a compact metric space has at most a certain cardinality, and so by fixing a set $S$ of that cardinality, any metric space is isometric to some metric on some subset of $S$." But then Thierry Zell responded, "even the definition of $d_{GH}$ requires you to consider all possible isometric embeddings of $X$ and $Y$ into all possible metric spaces, so the 'too big' issue already occurs at this level."

So my questions are these:

1. What is the mathematically correct definition of the Gromov-Hausdorff distance?

2. What is the mathematically correct theorem that corresponds to the heuristic notion that the set of all compact metric spaces is a metric space under $d_{GH}$?

-
To solve the issue with set of all sets: read my answer here. – Asaf Karagila Mar 25 '12 at 14:14
Consider looking through this: Gromov-Hausdorff convergence of metric spaces – arjafi Mar 25 '12 at 14:26
First point: I think there exists some definition of the G-H distance between two spaces $X$ and $Y$ which only requires to consider all distances on the disjoint union of $X$ and $Y$ with the good restrictions to $X$ and $Y$. This would solve the "consider all possible embeddings" problem. However, the only reference I have are notes, and they are a few hundred miles away... – D. Thomine Mar 25 '12 at 14:45
Second point: for all practical purposes, these issues can be circumvented. For instance, the completeness of the "space of all compact metric spaces" for the G-H distance can be stated as "for all Cauchy sequence of compact metric spaces, there exists a compact metric space such that...", and you construct by hand a limit space. Not elegant, and you should still think of it as completeness, but at least it avoids the logical traps. – D. Thomine Mar 25 '12 at 14:49
Too late to edit my first comment. See for instance math.ustc.edu.cn/Conference/2009SQXX/document/Lecture_4.pdf - Proposition 1.1 for a way to formulate the G-H distance between two spaces without any logical loophole. – D. Thomine Mar 25 '12 at 14:58

I believe the following is correct, but someone may have to come along and correct me. This will further the comment made by Alexander Thumm, above.

There are metric spaces which include isometric copies of every separable metric space. Examples of such spaces are $C([0,1])$, the family of all continuous functions on the unit interval with the sup-norm, and Urysohn's universal metric space $U$. As all compact metric spaces are separable, by fixing such a space $Z$, it should be possible to show that $$d_{GH} (X,Y) = \inf \{ d_H ( i[X], j[Y] ) : i,j\text{ are isometric embeddings of }X,Y\text{, resp., in }Z \}$$

With this in mind, we may consider quotient of the space $\mathcal{K} (Z)$ of all nonempty compact subsets of $Z$ by isometry relation $\sim$. Note that if $K_1,K_2,L_1,L_2$ are compact subsets of $Z$ with $K_1 \sim K_2$ and $L_1 \sim L_2$, then it follows that $d_{GH} ( K_1,L_1 ) = d_{GH} (K_2,L_2)$, and so we may consider $d_{GH}$ as a function from pairs of $\sim$-equivalence classes into the nonnegative reals. The statement that "the set of all compact metric spaces is a metric space under $d_{GH}$" is then an informal interpretation of "$d_{GH}$ is a metric on $\mathcal{K} (Z) / \sim$."

-

1) How to define rigorously the Gromov-Hausdorff distance between two compact metric spaces.

Let $X$ and $Y$ be two compact metric spaces. As I said in a comment, one does not need to consider all possible isometric embedding of $X$ and $Y$ into any metric space. Any such embedding yields an embedding of $X$ and $Y$ into $X \bigsqcup Y$ (the later being endowed with a pseudo-distance, not a distance).

Hence, one only need to consider all possible pseudo-distances on $X \bigsqcup Y$ whose restriction on $X$ is the distance on $X$, and whose restriction on $Y$ is a distance on $Y$. Then they take the minimum of the Hausdorff distance between $X$ and $Y$ over all such compatible pseudo-distance on $X \bigsqcup Y$. The result is the Gromov-Hausdorff distance.

2) How to work rigorously with a "set of all compact metric spaces".

One proposition says, naively, that "the set of all compact metric spaces, with the Gromov-Hausdorff distance, is a Polish metric space". In particular, it is separable. One can prove the separability by showing that the set of [finite metric spaces with rational distances, up to isometry] is dense in the "set" of [all compact metric spaces, up to isometry].

This proposition, as it stands, lacks rigour. However, we can use it to build a "set of all compact metric spaces, up to isometry", the same way one can construct the real numbers: via completion.

• we start from the set $E$ of finite subsets of $\mathbb{N}$, endowed with a metric;

• we endow $E$ with the Gromov-Hausdorff pseudo-distance;

• we take the equivalent classes of $E$ with respect to the equivalence relation "being isometric". The Gromov-Hausdorff pseudo-distance goes to the quotient, and gives a true distance. This gives a metric space $F$.

• we take the completion of $F$ with respect to the Gromov-Hausdorff distance. This gives a Polish metric space, $G$.

• for any point $x$ in $G$, we construct a compact metric space $X_x$. This is perhaps the most delicate point; any proof of the "completeness of the set of all compact metric spaces, with the Gromov-Hausdorff distance" should show how to do this.

• then we can consider the set of all such compact metric spaces, indexed by $G$. The construction above can be done without any use of the axiom of choice (i.e. it can be done explicitely).

• we check that the Gromov-Hausdorff distance between $X_x$ and $X_y$ is the distance between $x$ and $y$ in $G$. Hence we get a set $H$ of compact metric spaces isometric to $G$.

• at last, show that any compact metric space is isometric to an element of $H$.

The space $H$ is the one you are looking for (naively, the space of all compact metric spaces, up to isometry).

-