# Unique critical point does not imply global maximum/global minimum

I have actually two questions here, but both are very much related so I decided to put them both in this question.

From Wikipedia I found the following example of a function that has a single critical point which is a local minimum, yet is not a global minimum:

$f(x,y) = x^2 + y^2(1-x)^3$

Indeed the only critical point of $f$ is $(0,0)$ which is a local minimum by the second derivative test, but $(0,0)$ is not a global minimum because $f(4,1) = -11$. Why does this happen? I am having some trouble understanding intuitively why this is true. I know that $f$ has a minimum when restricted to a compact set. Then $(0,0)$ is a global minimum in any closed ball around $(0,0)$, and thus $(0,0)$ is a global maximum?? This is not true because $f$ is a counterexample, but I can't quite understand why.

In some cases we do have a global minimum at the unique critical point. For example, let

$f(x,y) = (-x+y)^2 + (x-1)^2 + (x+y-1)^2$

Then $f$ has a unique critical point at $(\frac{2}{3}, \frac{1}{6})$. The critical point turns out to be a global minimum (according to the graph and wolframalpha). How would I prove that the point is a global minimum? And how does one in general decide that a function has a global minimum/maximum on a critical point when the function is defined on all of $\mathbb{R}^2$, particularly when there is only one critical point?

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Your intuitive picture is probably as follows: Imaging filling water into the hollow at the origin. As the water rises, since there are points lower than the origin, you expect the water to start spilling over into the lower lying areas at some point. And that point would need to be a critical point! The way to resolve the paradox is to note that before any spilling over occurs, the lake will in fact extend off to infinity. Look at a cross section of your function graph for fixed $y$, as $y$ starts at $0$ and then grows. In other words, study the function $x\mapsto x^2+y^2(1-x)^3$ as $y^2$ grows. You will see a local minimum, starting at the origin and approaching $x=1$ from below, and a local maximum, starting at infinity and approaching $x=1$ from above. As $y^2$ grows, the value at the local minimum grows, while the value at the local maximum decreases. So the aforementioned lake will extend out to $(1,\pm\infty)$ and then start to spill over the edge (the local maximum) at infinity before it spills over anywhere else.

plots[animate](plot,
[x^2+y^2*(1-x)^3, x = 0 .. 2, view = [0 .. 2, -1 .. 2]], y = 0 .. 10);


Or you can take a look at this static plot of $f(x,y)$. It is easy to see how $(0,0)$ is a local, but not a global, maximum:

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@Adrian: Thanks for adding the picture. I must admit, though, that I find it a bit hard to read, with the whole region around the origin being so very flat, which makes it difficult to see the important features. After a bit of experimenting with Maple, however, I find that plotting the arctangent of a multiple of the given function is quite effective. –  Harald Hanche-Olsen Mar 18 '12 at 0:18

I know that f has a minimum when restricted to a compact set. Then (0,0) is a global minimum in any closed ball around (0,0)

This is where your reasoning fails. A global minimum must be attained on a critical point... or at the boundary the set! A much simpler and clearer example could be the function $f(x) = x^3$. It has only one critical point, 0, but when you take a closed ball containing 0, the minimum and maximum that $f$ attains is not at a critical point but at a boundary of the ball.

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Ah, of course. I forgot about the boundary completely.. Thanks. –  spin Mar 17 '12 at 20:30

Consider the following one dimensional example $$f: \Bbb{R} \to \Bbb{R},\ f(x)=\begin{cases} x^2 & x\geq 0 \\ -x^2 & x <0 \end{cases}$$

This function is differentiable, and it is easy to see that the unique critical point is $x_0=0$. But $x_0=0$ is not a global (not even local) minimum/maximum.

In general, finding critical points is not enough to find the local extrema. You need to use the second derivative test to see whether the critical points are local extrema points.

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This might also help: tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcI/ShapeofGraphPtII.aspx –  Beni Bogosel Mar 17 '12 at 19:06
Thanks, but I already know that a function can have critical points which are not local/global maximum/minimum (saddle points). In the case of $\mathbb{R}$ I think it is actually true by that if a differentiable function has an unique critical point that is a local maximum/minimum, then the critical point is a global maximum/minimum. My question was about determining global max/min for functions $\mathbb{R}^2 \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ that have a unique critical point which is a local maximum/minimum. –  spin Mar 17 '12 at 20:29