# Bounded monotonic non converging sequences

I remember reading a couple of weeks ago about some examples of sequences which are bounded, monotonic, but not convergent.

As far as I can remember, the proof was carried out without assuming the axiom of choice or in constructive mathematics. However, as I m new to this field, I just don't really know how to go back to that results.

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On what space? $\mathbb R$? $\mathbb Q$? Something else? –  Asaf Karagila Feb 1 '12 at 8:11
Well... as I remember, that sequence was defined on \mathbb{R}, but I have a doubt now. I think it was just the normal settings for real analysis, but just, people wouldn't accept one axiom (AC I think), and could therefore construct such a sequence. Idea for me, is that that sequence was somehow similar to the Halting problem of a program. I'll try to add a link soon. –  Jean-Luc Bouchot Feb 1 '12 at 8:31

Consider the space $\mathbb R$, as you may know it is a complete metric space. This means that every bounded monotonic sequence is convergent.

For example, $a_n=\dfrac1n$ converges to $0$.

If, however, we consider only a subspace of the real numbers, for example $(0,1)$ - all the numbers strictly between $0$ and $1$ then the above sequence does not converge in that space. Why? For a sequence to be convergent the space has to know the possible limit point. The limit is $0$ which $(0,1)$ does not know about.

If you take the number $\sqrt 2$, as you may know it is not a rational number. Take the rational sequence defined by longer and longer decimal expansions of $\sqrt 2$: $1,1.4,1.41,\ldots$

In the real numbers this is a monotonic and bounded sequence (all those are below $\sqrt 2$) and thus converge (to $\sqrt 2$ as luck would have it). Now you can see that all those elements in the sequence are rationals - the decimal expansion is finite - therefore this sequence is also a sequence in $\mathbb Q$.

In the rational numbers this is a monotonic and bounded sequence but the limit point is $\sqrt 2$ and this is a number that $\mathbb Q$ does not know about and therefore cannot tell that the sequence is converging.

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Could it be that I had seen this thing in an article about constructive mathematics. I guess constructionism would reject the least upper bound property and as a consequence in this case this "every bounded monotonic sequence is convergent" wouldn't hold true. Am I getting it right? –  Jean-Luc Bouchot Feb 1 '12 at 11:20
I'm not sure if you're getting it right or wrong, I'm more of a set theory kind of guy, and constructivism is far from my strong suit. If you reject an assumption it is reasonable to assume that it might be negated by a counterexample. –  Asaf Karagila Feb 1 '12 at 11:32
Got my example I was looking for... My question was actually not well posed. But you helped me a lot! This is what I was looking for Thanks again for your help! –  Jean-Luc Bouchot Feb 1 '12 at 12:08
Indeed it was not well posed. Nothing about neither constructive mathematics nor the axiom of choice. :-) –  Asaf Karagila Feb 1 '12 at 12:12

If the sequence lives in a subspace of the reals, then since it is bounded and monotonic it is necessarily a Cauchy sequence: If it were not, there would be an $\epsilon\gt0$ such that infinitely many pairs of consecutive members differ by more than $\epsilon$, and since the sequence is monotonic these steps would all go in the same direction, contradicting the fact that the sequence is bounded. (That proof doesn't require the axiom of choice.)

Thus, if the space is a subspace of the reals, such a sequence can exist only if the space is not complete, i.e. if there are Cauchy sequences that don't converge. One example of this would be the rationals, in which the sequence of successive decimal approximations of $\sqrt2$ doesn't converge.

On the other hand, if the sequence lives in some other space, all bets are off, since we know nothing about the relationship between the order defining "monotonic" and the metric defining "bounded" and "convergent". For instance, consider the interval $[0,1]$ with the usual metric, but with an order such that all rational numbers are ordered lexicographically according to their numerators and denominators in reduced form. Then the sequence of all rational numbers in the interval in order is bounded and monotonic but does not converge even though the space is complete.

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